The Commonly Confused Words Flew, Flu, and Flue

The Commonly Confused Words Flew, Flu, and Flue The words flew, influenza, and vent are homophones: they sound the equivalent yet their implications are unique. Definitions Flew is the straightforward past type of the action word fly, which intends to travel through the air, to go via airplane, or to move rapidly or suddenly.The thing influenza (an abbreviated type of flu) alludes to an infectious viral infection.The thing vent alludes to a conduit or divert in a smokestack or in any encased path. Models Wire, briar, flexible, lockThree geese in a flock.One flew east, one flew west,One flew over the cuckoos nest.(Childrens nursery rhyme, the wellspring of the title for Ken Keseys epic One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, 1962)The most prominent trapeze artist ever was a Mexican, Alfredo Cordona. In 1930, following quite a while of training, Cordona accomplished what to the bazaar world had been an impossibilityno not exactly a triple somersault! It is assessed that to accomplish that accomplishment, he flew through the air at sixty miles for each hour.(Richard Lederer, The Word Circus: A Letter-Perfect Book. Merriam-Webster, 1998)Millions are in danger of abandoning seasonal influenza immunization this year.Although the media considered the 1918 pandemic the Spanish Flu-on the grounds that around 80 percent of the Spanish populationâ caught this season's cold virus, and it was generally detailed in the Spanish press-the genuine wellspring of the pandemic is unknown.(Joan R. Callahan, Emerging Biological Threats. ABC-CLIO, 2010) Customers have been informed that costly pipe work is required to bring their homes up to present day gauges. The oven was connected to the vent of the marble chimney, and there were parquet floors and Axminster rugs and cranberry-shaded tufted Victorian upholstery, and a sort of Chineseâ ã ©tagã ¨re, inside a cupboard, fixed with mirrors and containing silver pitchers, trophies won by Skoglund dairy animals, extravagant sugar utensils and cut-glass pitchers and goblets.(Saul Bellow, A Silver Dish. The New Yorker, 1979) Flew Out versus Flied Out [In the sport of baseball,] when a player has hit a fly ball which is then gotten, the past tense of his activity is flied out. The main time flew out would be right is if the hitter dropped his bat, fluttered his arms, and took off out of the arena, in this way gaining himself the frothiest head in the Guinness Book of World Records.(William Safire, On Language. Avon Books, 1981) Practice (a) He was a major, crude man, with an excess of solidarity, whose savor the experience of winter was to chase the ocean ducks that _____ in to take care of by the external edges, uncovered at low tide.(Lawrence Sargent Hall, The Ledge. The Hudson Review, 1960)(b) If you have a working fireplace, you ought to have the _____ checked routinely by a professional.(c) About like clockwork, there is a significant change in the hereditary qualities of the _____ infection. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) He was a major, crude man, with an excess of solidarity, whose have a great time winter was to chase the ocean ducks that flew in to take care of by the external edges, exposed at low tide.(Lawrence Sargent Hall, The Ledge. The Hudson Review, 1960)(b) If you have a working fireplace, you ought to have the pipe checked normally by a professional.(c) About at regular intervals, there is a significant change in the hereditary qualities of the influenza infection.

Learn About Anaïs Nin, Novelist, Diarist

Find out About Anaã ¯s Nin, Novelist, Diarist Anais Nin was conceived Angela Anais Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell in France on February 21, 1903 and kicked the bucket on January 14, 1977​. Her dad was the writer Joaquin Nin, who experienced childhood in Spain however was conceived in and come back to Cuba. Her mom, Rosa Culmell y Vigaraud, was of Cuban, French, and Danish family line. Anais Nin moved to the United States in 1914 after her dad abandoned the family. In the United States she went to Catholic schools, dropped out of school, functioned as a model and artist, and came back to Europe in 1923. Anais Nin considered analysis with Otto Rank and quickly rehearsed as a lay advisor in New York. She considered the speculations of Carl Jung for a period also. Thinking that its hard to get her sexual stories distributed, Anais Nin helped discovered Siana Editions in France in 1935. By 1939 and the flare-up of World War II she came back to New York, where she turned into a figure in the Greenwich Village swarm. A dark abstract figure for the greater part of her life, when her diaries kept since 1931 started to be distributed in 1966, Anais Nin entered the open eye. The ten volumes of The Diary of Anaã ¯s Nin have stayed well known. These are more than basic journals; every volume has a topic, and were likely composed with the plan that they later be distributed. Letters she traded with personal companions, including Henry Miller, have additionally been distributed. The prevalence of the journals got intrigue her already distributed books. The Delta of Venus and Little Birds, initially written during the 1940s, were distributed after her demise (1977, 1979). Anais Nin is known, too, for her sweethearts, who included Henry Miller, Edmund Wilson, Gore Vidal and Otto Rank. She was hitched to Hugh Guiler of New York who endured her issues. She likewise went into a second, bigamous union with Rupert Pole in California. She had the marriage repealed about the time she was accomplishing increasingly across the board popularity. She was living with Pole at the hour of her demise, and he saw to the distribution of another release of her journals, unexpurgated. The thoughts of Anais Nin about manly and female natures have impacted that piece of the women's activist development known as contrast woman's rights. She disassociated herself late in her life from the more political types of women's liberation, accepting that self-information through journaling was the wellspring of individual freedom. Fractional Bibliography - By Anais Nin Festivity! with Anais Nin.Cities of the Interior. Paperback. 1975.Collages. Jean Varda, artist. Soft cover. 1964.Delta of Love: Erotica. Paperback. 1989.Fire: From a Journal of Love, the Unexpurgated Diary of Anais Nin, 1934-1937. Paperback. 1996.The Four-Chambered Heart. Paperback. 1974.Henry and June. Soft cover. 199

The Child

Undertaking 3 AC 3. 1 ? Connection needs: By knowing the foundation of a kid, having a decent connection with his/hers folks/carers and finding out about the child’s interests all adds to help the holding. Every kid is designated a key laborer however all staff ought to be capable and accessible to draw in with a youngster. Tuning in to them, fabricates the trust and certainty they will have with you and in this way are bound to come to you with any issues or concerns e. g. kid in nursery has a serious upsetting time when his parent leaves him so (at whatever point conceivable) a similar individual from staff consistently welcomes him, encourages him sort out his bits and bounces and afterward takes him to the displaying table (his preferred thing). After some time his has helped him with his negative response to being left. This routine is likewise useful if that individual from staff isn't accessible as another staff part can do very similar things. ? Oversight: A youngster needs to learn and investigate so we have to consistently be aware of Risk V Challenge. The open doors must be there however in a manner that doesn't jeopardize the youngster e. . Youngsters ought to be allowed the chance to utilize the P. E hardware yet staff must keep an eye and tangles must be set on the floor. On the off chance that oversight is inadequate with regards to a kid could have mishaps. Staff should consistently recollect that they’re good examples, likewise a decent home/school connect is again significant as home foundation may affect a child’s conduct ect. By monitoring whatever isn't right at home e. g. Disregard and can place the government assistance of the youngster in redressing the issue. ? Safe appearance and Departure: With both appearance and flight staff, should be warm and well disposed to the two youngsters and guardians/carers.The kids need to see a decent connection between home/school to help strengthen their sentiments of wellbeing. By getting guardians/carers along these lines they’re bound to have a word if there is anything going on at home e. g. a parent took met outside to clarify a family pet had kicked the bucket and their youngster might be somewhat sorrowful. This at that point permitted us to watch out for them and be prepared to discuss it when the kid needed to. At flight time it is significant for staff to be all around educated on who can gather the youngsters e. g. there might be a court request denying a parent from gathering the child.It is likewise essential to keep a register in both am and pm meetings if there should be an occurrence of crises (headcount) and it is a decent method to keep beware of ordinary non-attendants which may give a reason for concern. ? Excursions: There are numerous interesting points when taking youngsters on trips. Preceding any excursion parent/carers must know and a consent slip is required for each kid. A hazard appraisal must be done, the course arranged a nd every single important protection must be exceptional. Additional staff or volunteers will likely be required alongside a certified first aider. On the outing itself staff need to realize that they have a rundown of crisis contact numbers.All staff need to know about any sensitivities or ailments. Head tallies must be done all the time †twofold checking each time. At our setting all the kids would likewise be wearing a high perceivability coat also. ? Play openings: In request to help secure and child’s wellbeing and prosperity and to keep a setting from being stuffed there is a base space proportion for each kid I. e. 3-multi year olds: 2. 3 square meters of room per kid. Kids need to go outside consistently (assuming the rainclouds blow over) and if the setting doesn't have an outside territory there must be on the setting can get to e. . a field over the street. At my setting there is an outside mutual territory that both F1 and F2 can utilize. Some portion of the zone is secured so regardless of whether it is coming down the youngsters can at present be in the natural air. Any subject/point right now in the class is continued with gear and play openings outside e. g. shapes †the sand pit may have various shapes in it for the kids to discover. ? Nourishment: Within my setting there are nibble tables and a nibble region in both F1 and F2. The kids realize that to eat there it must be a ‘healthy’ nibble e. g. a bit of organic product, carrot stick etc.Fresh leafy foods of squash, milk or water are accessible for all in the event that they don't bring any from home. The youngsters acquire a pack lunch or have a hot Scholl supper, so I would expect that the school has investigated the cooking organization and that they satisfy any necessities to give a nutritious dinner. ? Clinical requirements: We would need to know whether a youngster has had the entirety of the pertinent immunizations and date of the last lockjaw punch. It is a parent’s decision whether to get a kid immunized however we have to know in any case. Inside the setting there should be a first aider, school attendant or somebody with pertinent preparing available at all times.Any ailments that require treatment or medication during the day should be controlled by one of the abovementioned. Marked assent must be given by the parent as well as specialist whenever required e. g. one kid at our setting purchased in some ‘Puritan’ and we were asked by the parent to manage it more than the measurements expressed. To secure the kid (which is our obligation) the school medical caretaker would not do this until a specialist letter said this was alright. The authorisation didn't come †so she didn’t do it! In spite of the fact that it isn't common to conflict with the parents’ wishes now and again it will be done to secure the youngster (‘duty of care’). Hazard Assessments: this is legally necessary as a major aspect of wellbeing and security. The setting hardware and things like trips all need to have the desk work done. At our setting the lead expert must sign it off and afterward offer it to the dean, duplicates should likewise be kept. ? Cleanliness: This is a colossal part of keeping kids sheltered and solid. Concerning the kids themselves all youngsters are educated and helped to remember how to wash their hands after every can visit and before eating. They are likewise told and reminded on the best way to cover their mouths in the event that they hack and to wipe their noses!If there are any toileting mishaps the individual from staff managing this needs to wear latex gloves and nappies have a different receptacle. Filthy clothing gets put into an uncommon sack prepared for the guardians later. In the staff toilets there is a different canister for any sterile or tampon squander. Concerning the setting itself, the kitchen and nibble zones are cleaned down normally. Play ha rdware and toys (at every possible opportunity) are washed or cleaned down at customary spans. The children’s toilets are checked a few times each day with proficient cleaners coming in each evening.Also, at my setting, the water tables are depleted and showered with a sanitizing arrangement toward the finish of consistently. ? Wellbeing observation: This is the reason it is essential to know the kids as it is simpler to see when a kid is ineffectively or ‘out of sync’. You will see any weight reduction or addition, any wounds from ‘regular accidents’ or change of states of mind and afterward have the option to act in like manner. At our setting we additionally check with the noon staff and check lunchboxes to watch out for what and how much the kids are eating. On the off chance that there is an affliction bug and at least 2 youngsters go down with it then Ofsted must be educated inside 14 days. Food cleanliness: All individuals that get ready or se rve food to youngsters ought to have gone to a food cleanliness course and achieved an authentication. In our setting we have a little kitchen zone and all the zone is cleaned and cleaned consistently. The ‘laws of the fridge’ are submitted to e. g. it is normally cleaned and any new meat is put away beneath cooked meats and so forth. Covers, tea towels, clean fabrics and so forth are consistently accessible. A rundown of cleanliness rules are additionally shown in the kitchen. ? Shielding: Every setting will have composed approaches and methodology to help guarantee the security and prosperity of each child.These will incorporate Health and Safety, Confidentiality, Data Protection, Bullying and so forth. With regards to staff, all must have a CRB check and there will be a strategy on ‘whistle blowing’ for any individual from staff worried about the activities of another. Any progressions to staff and so forth should be accounted for to Ofsted. ? Social nee ds: This returns to the ‘Equality, Inclusion and Diversity’ law. Each youngster as a major aspect of their joy and prosperity needs to feel significant and advantageous. Youngsters ought to be made mindful of various sorts of societies and celebrations.Staff need to know the various societies and guardians should be educated regarding any points or festivities that will be secured at the setting e. g. a Jehovah boy’s parent didn’t need him going to the Christmas celebration so they were educated so she could gather him before it began. ? Physical consideration schedule: All of the points secured on this assignment help the physical prosperity of a kid so I will simply cover ‘Intimate’ physical consideration e. g. nappy changes †the staff permitted to do this at my setting must be a full-time individual from staff, with a CRB. Additionally the main youngsters who might equire this at my setting would have a ‘Statement’ and com posed authorization from their parent/carer would have been achieved. Any charge of wrong conduct would be accounted for following a levels of leadership, archived and given to Ofsted inside 14 days. ? Physical action: physical turn of events and action is so critical to a youngster that it is a prime territory in the EYFS. It assists kids with creating co-appointment, engine abilities, parity, control and development. At my arrangement they do a ‘wake and shake’ movement, which includes music and move, after both am and pm enrollment alongside P.E. meetings and outside play. ? Rest and rest: By the time the kids go to my setting they no longer have snoozes in the day †anyway there are territories they can go, e. g. book corner, on the off chance that they need some calm tim

The Arrival Of Blu-Ray Technology :: Technology

Organizing Problems The Arrival of Blu-beam Technology Blu-beam otherwise called Blu-beam Disk (BD), is the name of a cutting edge optical circle position which was mutually evolved by the Blu-beam Disk Association (BDA), a gathering of the world's driving shopper gadgets, PC and media makers (counting Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson). When contrasted with the current optical plate organization, for example, DVD, this new arrangement permits clients to record, modify and playback superior quality (HD) video and store a lot of information. Truth be told, Blu-ray’s capacity limit is multiple times more than customary DVDs, which can hold up to 25GB on a solitary layer plate and 50GB on a double layer circle. This high stockpiling ability has likewise permitted extra substance and unique highlights, for example, downloading additional items, refreshing substance by means of the web, and observing live communicates of exceptional occasions. Likewise, when joined with the new BD-J intelligence layer, the users’ involvement with viewing a Blu-beam film will be incredibly improved. For example, while the executive clarifies the shooting of a scene, we can see the scene playing out of sight at the same time. Other than capacity limit and intelligence, superior quality is another motivation behind why Blu-beam is better; a blue-violet laser (405nm) has a shorter frequency than a red laser (650nm), subsequently the laser spot can center with more noteworthy exactness. Contrasted with DVDs, which just backings standard-definition (SD), Blu-beam bolsters HDTV and offers multiple times more detail in the clearness and sharpness of picture, and just as better upgrade impacts in HD video and s ound quality. Other than Blu-beam, HD-DVD is the other new high-thickness DVD group contending to be the cutting edge optical circle design. The HD-DVD position which is upheld by NEC, Toshiba, and Sanyo, depends on the blue-laser innovation too. Notwithstanding, as thought about, Blu-beam has an a lot greater capacity limit and a higher information move rate for both video and sound. So do shoppers favor Blu-beam or HD-DVD? As per an autonomous examination directed by Cymfony (a market impact expository organization) on the new HD video arrangements and players, between October 1, 2006 and November 23, 2006, there are 46 percent (in a sum of 17,664 posts) higher positive conversations about HD-DVD with creators expressing being â€Å"impressed with HD-DVD† versus â€Å"impressed with Blu-ray†. Then again, hardly any posts has examined the high stockpiling limit and advance intuitiveness.

Physical Therapy - An Exciting Healthcare Profession :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Active recuperation Active recuperation is a fun and energizing medicinal services calling that helps individuals. It is tied in with helping others who have issues with their body, muscles, joints and different pieces of their body. Patients incorporates mishap casualties and people with incapacitating conditions, for example, low back torment, joint pain, coronary illness, breaks, head wounds, and cerebral paralysis. Exercise based recuperation will play out an assessment of your concern or trouble. They assess your concern by performing tests and measures to survey the issue. These tests incorporates muscle quality, joint movement, tangible and neurological, coordination, balance, perception, palpation, adaptability, postural screening, development examination, and exceptional tests are intended for a specific issue. Next, they build up a treatment plan and objectives and afterward deal with the proper treatment to help in recuperation of an issue or brokenness. Physical specialists can treat their p atients by utilizing various medicines relying upon the sort of injury. A portion of the medications are electrical incitement, hot and cold packs, infrared and ultrasound to diminish growing or ease torment. These medicines are utilized to assist decline with tormenting and increment development and capacity. Restorative activities directions will help reestablish quality, development, equalization, or aptitude as a guide towards full utilitarian recuperation. Active recuperation gives hands on methods like back rub or joint assemblies abilities to reestablish joint movement or increment delicate tissue adaptability. They will concentrate on essential aptitudes, for example, getting up, strolling securely with props or a walker, moving explicit joints and muscles of the body. Physical advisors treatment incorporates persistent instruction to show them how to manage a present issue and how to forestall the issue later on. Such documentation is utilized to follow the patient's advanc ement, and recognize zones requiring pretty much consideration. They urge patients to utilize their own muscles. Their fundamental objective is to improve how an individual capacities at work and home. Non-intrusive treatments do substantially more of than reestablish capacity to damage. They work with kids with birth deformities to defeat to reestablish development and free living. Active recuperation held around one hundred thirty-2,000 occupations in year of 2,000. The quantity of occupations is more prominent than a number as a result of rehearsing exercise based recuperation become more specialists holds at least two employments.

Applying for SIPA Fellowship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Applying for SIPA Fellowship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Every applicant to SIPA is considered for SIPA fellowship funding.   Consideration requires nothing more than completing and submitting the admission application and all of the required application documents there is no separate fellowship application. After admission decisions are made the Admissions Committee has several meetings to allocate fellowship funding.   Awards are based on both merit and need.   Merit is used to determine if an award will be made and need helps to determine the amount of the award. Applicants who are chosen to receive first year SIPA fellowships are able to set themselves apart in the application process.   This can include but is not limited to: An outstanding academic record An exceptional personal statement A distinctive history of professional experience work and/or internships An outstanding record of achievement under trying circumstances Recipients of first-year fellowship funding will be notified in the admission letter.   Decision letters will start to be published to the application Web site in early March.

Book of Romans Essay - 550 Words

Book of Romans (Essay Sample) Content: Book of RomansNameInstitutionBook of RomansIntroductionThe book of Romans was written by Paul for several reasons that include missionary, pastoral, and apologetic. He wanted to document the solidarity, and his experience with the churches in Achaia, Damascus, and Galatia, before going back to the church in Jerusalem (Thomas Constable, 2015). The book of Romans, however, covers more than Paul experiences. This essay examines the components of the biblical worldview that relates to the natural world, human identity, human relationships and culture as elucidated in Romans chapter 1, to eight. The opinion of the author on the topics will also be incorporated.Natural worldNatural world consists of Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s creations that constitute human beings. Paul states that every human being has to know God because He has revealed Himself through nature (Romans 1:20). The man has the duty to obey and honor God (1:21-23). God has provided His Laws to be followed by all humans ; however, man has disobeyed Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s commands and has committed sin. The man has rebelled against God through ignorance, idolatry, and impurity; man has committed "unnatural acts" such as homosexuality that are against Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s will (1:26). Paul says that "all men have sinnedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , and the purpose of the law is to bring judgment to all, justify no one, and show how sinful human beings are (3:9-20). Paul intends to show how hopeless and helpless human beings are since all have sinned and deserve the penalty of the law.Human identityHuman identity is depicted as sinful (3:9); human beings are enslaved under the power of sin. Even though the Jews had the advantage of the Mosaic Law, they are all sinners like any other person since they substituted the trust and obedience of God with a divinely revealed religion (2:17-29). According to Paul, the Jews failed God inwardly like Gentiles since they did not fear Him. Paul believes that man can move away from sin to righteousness by dedicating himself to God (6:15-23). According to Paul, the dedication to obedience is righteousness. Since man must be a slave of something, being the slave of righteousness is preferred since one becomes close to God (6:18). In this case, although human identity is sinful, human beings can become sanctified by knowing certain facts about their union with God; they must dedicate themselves to God as His slaves and obey him (6:3-23).Human relationshipsHuman relationships with God had been renewed when Jesus Christ paid the penalty of sin at the cross (Thomas Constable, 2015). Therefore, God provides righteousness to anyone who trusts in Jesus Christ (3:22a). Jesus Christ died for all the sins committed by humans; because sin is death, all the claims were ended (6:7). According to Paul, a sinful lifestyle is not desirable to anybody who is now living under the Grace of God (6:15). Since the believers are now under the grace of God, they are not under the law; hence , not the slaves of sin since man has been united with Christ (7; 6:1-15). The verse implies that the relationship that had existed in the Old Testament bounding the Believers to the Law had died (7:4). Paul does not imply that people should sin because Christ has already paid the price of sin. He means that the consequence of sin that was death has been waived and people, although sinful, can be accepted before God because of the grace that Christ provided. The believers should struggle to stay away from sin as Paul did (7:24-25). God will not condemn them for an eternity that is separate from Him, for their sins because they have a new relationship with Jesus Christ (Constable, 2015). Believing in Christ brings the Holy Spirit that makes life full (8:2). Therefore, God fulfills his purpose to the believer through the Holy Spirit, who dwells in him/her. The life of the believer becomes governed by the Holy Spirit, and God will appear to him/her through the spirit. (8:14-17; 27).Cul turePaul has demonstrated that human culture is the contributing factor that stray human beings from understanding the nature of God, and hence, believing in Him. For instance, Paul says that rabbis taught that Abraham experienced justification because he was obedient, rather than being faithful to God (4:13). The Jewish community believed that righteousness could be obtained through circumcision since Abraham was circumcised; they practiced circumcision without realizing that it was a sign of faithfulness to God (4:9-1... Book of Romans Essay - 550 Words Book of Romans (Essay Sample) Content: Book of RomansNameInstitutionBook of RomansIntroductionThe book of Romans was written by Paul for several reasons that include missionary, pastoral, and apologetic. He wanted to document the solidarity, and his experience with the churches in Achaia, Damascus, and Galatia, before going back to the church in Jerusalem (Thomas Constable, 2015). The book of Romans, however, covers more than Paul experiences. This essay examines the components of the biblical worldview that relates to the natural world, human identity, human relationships and culture as elucidated in Romans chapter 1, to eight. The opinion of the author on the topics will also be incorporated.Natural worldNatural world consists of Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s creations that constitute human beings. Paul states that every human being has to know God because He has revealed Himself through nature (Romans 1:20). The man has the duty to obey and honor God (1:21-23). God has provided His Laws to be followed by all humans ; however, man has disobeyed Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s commands and has committed sin. The man has rebelled against God through ignorance, idolatry, and impurity; man has committed "unnatural acts" such as homosexuality that are against Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s will (1:26). Paul says that "all men have sinnedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , and the purpose of the law is to bring judgment to all, justify no one, and show how sinful human beings are (3:9-20). Paul intends to show how hopeless and helpless human beings are since all have sinned and deserve the penalty of the law.Human identityHuman identity is depicted as sinful (3:9); human beings are enslaved under the power of sin. Even though the Jews had the advantage of the Mosaic Law, they are all sinners like any other person since they substituted the trust and obedience of God with a divinely revealed religion (2:17-29). According to Paul, the Jews failed God inwardly like Gentiles since they did not fear Him. Paul believes that man can move away from sin to righteousness by dedicating himself to God (6:15-23). According to Paul, the dedication to obedience is righteousness. Since man must be a slave of something, being the slave of righteousness is preferred since one becomes close to God (6:18). In this case, although human identity is sinful, human beings can become sanctified by knowing certain facts about their union with God; they must dedicate themselves to God as His slaves and obey him (6:3-23).Human relationshipsHuman relationships with God had been renewed when Jesus Christ paid the penalty of sin at the cross (Thomas Constable, 2015). Therefore, God provides righteousness to anyone who trusts in Jesus Christ (3:22a). Jesus Christ died for all the sins committed by humans; because sin is death, all the claims were ended (6:7). According to Paul, a sinful lifestyle is not desirable to anybody who is now living under the Grace of God (6:15). Since the believers are now under the grace of God, they are not under the law; hence , not the slaves of sin since man has been united with Christ (7; 6:1-15). The verse implies that the relationship that had existed in the Old Testament bounding the Believers to the Law had died (7:4). Paul does not imply that people should sin because Christ has already paid the price of sin. He means that the consequence of sin that was death has been waived and people, although sinful, can be accepted before God because of the grace that Christ provided. The believers should struggle to stay away from sin as Paul did (7:24-25). God will not condemn them for an eternity that is separate from Him, for their sins because they have a new relationship with Jesus Christ (Constable, 2015). Believing in Christ brings the Holy Spirit that makes life full (8:2). Therefore, God fulfills his purpose to the believer through the Holy Spirit, who dwells in him/her. The life of the believer becomes governed by the Holy Spirit, and God will appear to him/her through the spirit. (8:14-17; 27).Cul turePaul has demonstrated that human culture is the contributing factor that stray human beings from understanding the nature of God, and hence, believing in Him. For instance, Paul says that rabbis taught that Abraham experienced justification because he was obedient, rather than being faithful to God (4:13). The Jewish community believed that righteousness could be obtained through circumcision since Abraham was circumcised; they practiced circumcision without realizing that it was a sign of faithfulness to God (4:9-1...

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Ancient Egypts 1st Intermediate Period

The 1st Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt began when the Old Kingdoms centralized monarchy grew weak as provincial rulers called nomarchs became powerful, and ended when the Theban monarch gained control of all Egypt. Dates of the 1st Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt 2160-2055 B.C. Herakleopolitan: 9th 10th Dynasties: 2160-2025Theban: 11th Dynasty: 2125-2055 The Old Kingdom is described as ending with the longest-reigning pharaoh in Egyptian history, Pepy II. After him, building projects in the cemeteries around the capital of Memphis stopped. Building resumed at the end of the 1st Intermediate Period, with Menhotep II at Deir el-Bahri in western Thebes. Characterization of the 1st Intermediate Period Egyptian intermediate periods are times when the centralized government weakened and rivals claimed the throne. The 1st Intermediate Period is often characterized as chaotic and miserable, with degraded art—a dark age. Barbara Bell* hypothesized that the 1st Intermediate period was brought about by a prolonged failure of the annual Nile floods, leading to famine and collapse of the monarchy. But it was not necessarily a dark age, even though there are bragging inscriptions about how local rulers were able to provide for their people in the face of great adversity. There is evidence of thriving culture and the development of towns. Non-royal people gained in status. Pottery changed shape to a more efficient use of the pottery wheel. The 1st Intermediate Period was also the setting for later philosophical texts. Burial Innovations During the 1st Intermediate Period, cartonnage was developed. Cartonnage is the word for the gypsum and linen colored mask that covered the face of a mummy. Earlier, only the elite had been buried with specialized funerary goods. During the 1st Intermediate Period, more people were buried with such specialized products. This indicates that the provincial areas could afford non-functional craftsmen, something that only the pharaonic capital had done before. Competing Kings Not much is known about the early part of the 1st Intermediate Period. By the second half of it, there were two competing nomes with their own monarchs. The Theban king, King Mentuhotep II, defeated his unknown Herakleapolitan rival in about 2040, putting an end to the 1st Intermediate Period. Herakleapolis Herakleopolis Magna or Nennisut, on the southern edge of the Faiyum, became the capital of area of the Delta and central Egypt. Manetho says the Herakleapolitan dynasty was founded by Khety. It may have had 18-19 kings. One of the last kings, Merykara, (c. 2025) was buried at the necropolis at Saqqara which is connected with the Old Kingdom kings ruling from Memphis. First Intermediate Period private monuments feature the civil war with Thebes. Thebes Thebes was the capital of southern Egypt. The ancestor of the Theban dynasty is Intef, a nomarch who was important enough to be inscribed on the walls of Thutmose IIIs chapel of royal ancestors. His brother, Intef II ruled for 50 years (2112-2063). Thebes developed a type of tomb known as a rock-tomb (saff-tomb) at the necropolis at el-Tarif. Sources: Bell, Barbara. The Dark Ages in Ancient History. I. The First Dark Age in Ancient Egypt. AJA 75:1-26.The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. by Ian Shaw. OUP 2000.

Studies and Techniques for Teaching Children with Autism

There are many diseases and disorders that plague today’s world, but one of the most serious of those disorders is autism. In fact, autism is the third most common developmental disability affecting four hundred thousand people worldwide (Autism Society of America). As of yet there is no treatment for autism, only a variety of dealing with this disorder. Autism is a process disorder of brain function. People with autism have trouble in communication, social interactions and play activities. This disorder makes it difficult for them to connect to the outside world. It is difficult for them to communicate with other people. In some cases people with autism has Aggressive and self injurious behavior. They may represent repeated body movement, such as rocking or hands flapping and unusual speak to people. They also represent sensitivities in the five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Autism usually appears during the first three years and continues throughout life. Introduction There has been a number of studies on the behavior and development of children with Autism. This paper talks about four different types of studies about techniques teaching children with autism such as communication, socialization, cognitive development, and a number of other areas in children. The fist article is applied behavior analysis (ABA), by Ole Ivar Lovaas. The second article is a study called pivotal behaviors (PRT) by Richard Simpson of the University of Kansas. The thirdShow MoreRelatedVideo Modeling As An Effective Intervention Strategy for Instructing Students with ASD1738 Words   |  7 PagesDepartment of Education, autism is defined as a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interactions and verbal and nonverbal communication. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may also display attention deficits, engage in repetitive behaviors, resist environmental changes, have unusual sensory experiences, and may exhibit inappropriate behavi ors that have adverse impacts on educational performance (Delano, 2007). The incidence of children identified with ASD hasRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Paper866 Words   |  4 PagesAutism spectrum disorder first became a diagnosed disorder when it was described by a psychiatrist named, Leo Kanner in 1943. As a result of a study he conducted involving 11 children, he developed a diagnostic criteria based on observations of repetitive, stereotyped behavior with consistent impairment in social interactions (Volden, 2017). Over time however, autism became synonymous with Asperger’s disorder and pervasive developmental disorder that included similar, but widely different diagnosticRead More Teaching Children with Autism Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Children with Autism There has been an increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism or other autism spectrum disorders. It is likely as an educator that you will have at least one child with this diagnosis in your classroom. This paper explores some of the methods used to teach autistic children. Autism is a disorder characterized by significant problems in communication and social functioning. Autism is actually called Autism Spectrum Disorder and encompasses a broad rangeRead More Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract— This paper discusses the potential of using technologies in the diagnosis, study and intervention treatments of autism. 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The intervention techniques need to treatRead MoreEssay on Behavioral Treatments in Autism1185 Words   |  5 PagesBehavioral Treatments in Autism Outline I. Introduction A. Infantile Autism B. Operant Learning Theory C. Behavior Techniques II. Target Behaviors A. Aberrant Behaviors B. Social Skills C. Language III. Behavioral Techniques A. Aversive Stimuli B. Noncontingent Access to Preferred Stimulus C. Collateral Changes D. Self-Management E. Incidental Teaching IV. Conclusion A. Assessment B. Environment C. Generalization Behavioral Treatments in Autism Through the yearsRead MoreTeaching Elementary Children With Autism1638 Words   |  7 PagesLyons, B. (2012). Teaching Elementary Children with Autism: Addressing Teacher Challenges and Preparation Needs. Rural Educator, 33(2), 27-35. II. Problem 1. How adequate is the current teacher preparation program for preparing general education teachers for teaching children with autism? 2. Scheuermann et al asked, â€Å"If a teacher meets state standards for certification, but has no coursework in or experience with autism, is that teacher highly qualified to teach students with autism?† 3. What challengesRead MoreDefinition Of Applied Behavior Analysis Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Autism is a disease that is being diagnosed today more than ever before. In fact, as of 2014 the statistics for diagnosis of autism are one in sixty-eight children, with diagnosis being much more common in boys (Autism Speaks, 2016a). While there are many theories about what causes autism, there is currently not any proven predictor of what will cause this disease to develop (Landrigan, 2010). Since prevention is not possible at this time, it is extremely beneficial and importantRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. Today, the public is more aware of the disorder, yet there is still concern about how to treat autism in children as well as what risk factors are more likely to lead to autism. Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreApplied Behavioral Analysis Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesand his or her family. Autism affects all aspects of a child’s life from their ability to show affection to their family to being able to do simple tasks such as communicating and thinking in ways that we take for granted. Autism is defined as a developmental disability in which children experience abnormalities in social functioning, language, often act in puzzling ways, and usually appears before the age of three (Mash Wolfe, 2010). Although the exact causes of autism are unknown there does seem

Poverty Alleviation Cash Or Non Cash Assistance Essay

Poverty alleviation: cash or non-cash assistance? Alleviating poverty has never been an easy task for both developed and developing countries. Alongside the debate of who are considered poor, the public has never come to a conclusion whether cash or non-cash assistance should be prioritized for poverty alleviation. This essay explores the benefits and challenges of both types of approaches. Additionally, the country context is also discussed to analyze how the level of countries’ economic development affects the effectiveness of any poverty alleviation programs. Who are the poor? According to the World Bank, the poor are those whose income is under the international poverty line, USD1.90/day. Aside from that statistical explanation, though, this essay focuses on the more interesting descriptive explanation of poverty. It explains that poverty should also be defined by the poor people’s lack of assets and difficulties of accesses including the access to high-paid employment, goods, and services which their livelihood is based upon (Ghosh, 2011). Poverty alleviation programs are mainly divided into cash and non-cash approaches which commonly aim to enhance poor societies’ capacity to increase their well-being, social security and stability. Even though both seem to have common objectives, their approaches for alleviating poverty are quite different. 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Hiv Routes Of Transmission Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(97) " more powerful in handling HIV positive patients, when the CD4 count is less than 350 cells/mm3\." Human immunodeficiency virus HIV is a lentivirus from retrovirus household that causes a HIV Infections in worlds which alters the immune system in a really terrible manner. HIV causes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) at the last phase of the infection. The virus attacks immune system which makes people much weaker in contending against infections and assorted terrible diseases1. We will write a custom essay sample on Hiv Routes Of Transmission Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The chief focal point of this virus on human cells is to destruct the CD4 positive T Cells of the organic structure ‘s immune system. Destruction of CD4 positive T cells makes it worse for the immune system to contend against the infections, which allows life-threatening timeserving infections and more wellness jobs which may take to decease. Human immune system consists of of import cells which are being destroyed by HIV. This leads to moo CD4 count which in bend makes the human organic structure weak in contending against the infections2. HIV is found in the blood, chest milk, seeds and vaginal fluids of an septic individual. The virus is transmitted from one individual to another through blood to blood and sexual contact. HIV Infected individual ‘s Saliva with blood or any other organic structure fluids can be harmful and infective. HIV can be transmitted in different ways, such as sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, and besides contaminated subcutaneous acerate leafs. In the UK, the most common manner of acquiring HIV is by unprotected sexual intercourse with a individual who is HIV positive. It has shown in the UK statistics 2010 from the Health Protection Agency that 95 % of those diagnosed with HIV Positive due to sexual Contact. This shows that bulk in the UK get infected by HIV is through sexual intercourse which includes vaginal, anal and unwritten sex. This virus enters through the blood stream in different ways like lacerate tegument, oral cavity and eyes liners, and besides through the thin liner o f the anus and genitalias. HIV is non transmitted from an septic individual through caressing, caressing, ptyalizing, sharing bath towels or cutter, utilizing the same swimming pool and oral cavity to talk contact1. From the recent study, it has been shown that the following groups of people are at higher hazard of HIV infection which includes people who are shooting drugs, sex workers every bit Wellss as work forces holding sexual intercourse with men3. There are assorted methods to forestall HIV Transmission in our community through avoiding activities that leads you to dangerous jobs, such as unprotected sex and sharing septic acerate leafs and other assorted shooting equipments1, educating and reding people with HIV positive by the doctors and supplying them the best intervention so that to forestall HIV transmittal in general4. Current UK guidelines on HIV purpose to increase HIV proving in all health care sectors to diminish the sum of undiagnosed HIV infections. It is suggested that HIV trial should be offered to general populace in some sectors and besides to high hazard people in other different sectors ( for illustration, general pattern ) . The Department of wellness ( DH ) asked the National institute of wellness and clinical Excellence ( NICE ) to develop public wellness counsel to increase HIV proving between work forces who have sexual connexions with work forces to cut down undiagnosed infection and besides to forestall HIV transmittal. HIV Testing is one of the most of import factors which helps and guides the full community in UK through reduced HIV transmission5. Harmonizing to the statistics sing HIV, 6000 to 7000 people are diagnosed HIV Positive each twelvemonth in England. This is an of import factor to inquire the full community to concentrate and get the better of this job. Hence, encourage people to prosecute in different methods to forestall HIV transmittal and salvage the community in general with supplying proper consciousness sing HIV6. One of the most effectual ways to forestall HIV transmittal is through sex that is abstain from sex is the surest method to forestall HIV. If you decide to hold sex so acquire tested foremost to avoid HIV transmittal between you and your partner7. Use of rubber right in sexual activity is the most of import and advantageous point to halt the HIV spread and other infections which are sexually transmitted at every individual clip you have acute sex. Condoms are being marketed in different types of colors, forms, texture and spirits. Male rubbers are made up of latex or polyurethane and female rubbers are besides known as FC2, which is used for vaginal sex only7. Second, usage of merely water-based lubricators can increase sexual pleasance every bit good as safety, merely by adding wet to the vagina or anus during sexual intercourse. Lubricants decreases the hazard of vaginal or anal cryings which can be caused by waterlessness and besides it protects the rubber from rupturing off durin g sexual activity1. Third, usage of dental dike reduces hazard of sexually transmitted infections. It works as a wall between the oral cavity and vagina during unwritten sex. Fourthly, avoid utilizing septic acerate leafs, panpipes, or spoons which can expose you to HIV and other viruses which are found in the blood1. Pharmacological Prevention of HIV transmittal is through medical specialties and there are different methods used in forestalling its spread. Antiretroviral therapies ( ARTs ) are used to handle HIV, which prevents viral spread in the organic structure. A combination therapy of antiretroviral or extremely active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) is used for the effectual bar of HIV reproduction and transmittal in the organic structure. CD4 count and viral burden blood trial are two of import factors which help the physicians to make up one’s mind on the intervention of that peculiar patient. Treatment is normally starts when the individuals CD4 counts shows below 350, irrespective of their presence or absence of their symptoms1. Harmonizing to WHO guidelines, it states that ART inductions are really good in forestalling HIV every bit good as clinically, they are more powerful in handling HIV positive patients, when the CD4 count is less than 350 cells/mm3. You read "Hiv Routes Of Transmission Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Viral burden plays the major function in HIV transmittal as it is one of the highest hazard factor in this scenario. When the viral burden is less than 1500 copies/mm3, the hazard of conveying HIV is about nothing as suggested by recent surveies. Evidence shows that the viral burden degrees are decreased by ART, hence bounds HIV transmittal depending on individual ‘s HIV position. WHO guidelines shows that they are chiefly engaged on extinguishing HIV and they strongly suggest that the usage of ART protects the full community which besides includes kids and pregnant adult females by handling and forestalling them from the spread of HIV8. There are differen t groups of ART medicines to forestall and handle HIV infection1. Virus attaches to the host cell whereby it fuses with the host cell membrane. After the incursion into the host cell, the outer coat of the virus is removed and familial stuff and an enzyme released into the host cell, which is called rearward RNA polymerase, which converts viral RNA to viral DNA, so viral DNA penetrates to the host cell nucleus where by two procedure takes topographic point which includes written text and interlingual rendition takes topographic point which leads to bring forth new virions through peptidase enzyme2. Different antiretroviral medical specialties holding different mark but with one purpose, that is to suppress viral reproduction. Rearward RNA polymerase inhibitors are of two types that includes nucleoside contrary RNA polymerase inhibitors and non-nucleoside contrary RNA polymerase inhibitors. NRTIs are defective constructing blocks of Deoxyribonucleic acid when they are incorporated into HIV DNA, hence blocks the viral reproduction procedure, by non finishing the Deoxyribonucleic acid Chain. NNRTs bind to the enzyme contrary RNA polymerase and suppress the procedure of viral replication2. NNRTs are used in the intervention or HIV-1 but it is seldom used for HIV-2 in the UK9. Protease Inhibitors are inhibits the procedure of production of viral stuff through interfering with the peptidase enzyme. In the UK, Protease Inhibitors are Entry Inhibitors are inhibitors involved in barricading the virus to adhere with the host cellular membrane that lead to the obstruction of virus into the host cell. Integrase inhibitors are involved in barricading the procedure of integrating of viral familial stuff into the Host D NA by suppressing integrase enzyme. Microbicides are chemical and pharmacologic substances that are used for destructing some micro-organisms that cause terrible jobs to worlds. Many compounds are being produced and tested their effectivity against microbicidal activity in clinical tests. These merchandises are being produced for vaginal every bit good as rectal applications to protect from HIV infections and other sexually transmitted diseases. Presently, scientists are working on this undertaking in developing microbicides for forestalling HIV transmittals and heighten the degree of patient safety12. Post-exposure prophylaxis ( PEP ) is ARTs used after the exposure like occupational injuries10 or sexual exposure11 to forestall HIV infection. PEP medicines are non yet proved every bit good as unlicensed in the UK. They are merely supported by experimenting on animate beings. Besides, there are ongoing surveies for pre-exposure prophylaxis where it includes antiretroviral drugs before the exposure to HIV2. Another preventative step against HIV is through Vaccination procedure. Presently, HIV Vaccine is non available but it is one of the on-going research at a really early phase to bring forth effectual HIV Vaccine into the market so that to protect the full community against HIV infection. Since 1990, surveies have shown that the HIV spread from female parent to kid has been increased every twelvemonth. The Department of Health policy proposing that an HIV Test to be carried out in each and every pregnant adult females and has shown that it has addition consciousness in adult females prior to bringing and it has shown that more than 80 % of the adult females are cognizant in London, 2001 every bit good as it has reduced the figure of babies being infected in the UK13. Antiretroviral interventions ( ART ) are being used in gestation to forestall HIV transmittal from female parent to child. It is suggested that if you are HIV Positive so do non breast feed your kid, as virus transmittal can happen through chest milk1. Overall guidelines and counsel of antiretroviral therapy are being provided to forestall transmittal of HIV from female parent to child14. Pre-exposure prophylaxis ( PrEP ) in HIV protects healthy people from HIV infection. Current surveies and clinical tests are in the procedure of developing of PrEP to forestall transmittal of HIV. Surveies have shown a lessenings hazard of HIV infection among animate beings that are exposed to ARVs. PrEP has shown its effectivity in â€Å" humanized † research lab mice in the survey which was conducted in 200715 and besides, ARVs are given to female parents and babies to cut down HIV transimmsion16. The PrEP research surveies uses the drug called tenofovir that is delivered by unwritten path or topical path. It has shown in the four clinical tests that it reduces the hazard of acquiring HIV infection but in the two tests have shown no good response. As of today, there are two on-going surveies that have non yet published their findings on the consequence of HIV transimmision. There are many challenges in relation to safety and effectivity of PrEP inventions. Besides combinatio ns pill called TruvadaA ® ( Tenofovir and Emtricitabine ) which was accepted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for the intent in HIV intervention in 2004. Truvada, as a PrEP was approved by the FDA in July, 2012 for forestalling from HIV transmittal. Powerful research grounds shows that the PrEP is safe and effectual when used systematically for diminishing the hazard of acquiring HIV sexually17. In Conclusion, it can be said that there are different paths of HIV transmittal and besides several methods are available to forestall its transmittal. Currently, many surveies are â€Å" traveling on † to develop new merchandises to forestall and handle HIV patients efficaciously with decreased hazard involved. Besides, public consciousness play a immense function in HIV bar by educating them through assorted resources like chew the fating with them or telephone conversations or supplying proper information on HIV transmittal with its badness. Harmonizing to the recent results of HIV transmittal in the UK, there are assorted factors must be followed by the general populace so that cut down the figure of people by acquiring infected through acquiring sex instruction, attachment to medicines and to avoid unprotected sex or work forces to work forces sex. This can take to healthy long life of our patients and diminish the figure of morbidity and mortality. Centres for Disease co ntrol and Prevention stated that about 50,000 people are freshly infected with HIV in the United States each year.18 From the estimations it shows that HIV is one of the terrible issue in our community which can take to decease as it is easy transmitted. Hence, Prevention of HIV transmittal is the most good factor to salvage our community with development of new merchandises which have different pharmacological marks to avoid opposition of the Drug. How to cite Hiv Routes Of Transmission Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

My Filipino Heritage Essay Example For Students

My Filipino Heritage Essay I have always been proud of my heritage, a mix of both Filipino and White. However, I wish I could speak the language of my mom, the Cebuano language (also known as Bisayan or Binisaya, which is the second most common language in the Philippines, as distinct from the first most common, Tagalog, even though it would be nice to know that too). Apparently, I had been able to understand it when I was very little, just about two years old. Eventually, as the years went on and I grew older, though, my moms language of Cebuano came to sound just like any other foreign language to me. Now that I was older, I decided to ask my mom why it turned out like this. After all, my little sister had the ability speak the language. My mom then mentioned to me that my older brother could understand it when he was little too. But then, on his first day of school, when he was in Pre-K, he saw that everyone was only speaking English. When he came home, my brother asked why my mom speaks to him in a way that â€Å"sounds funny to all the other kids, and asked my mom to stop speaking the language to him, because it makes it hard for him to fit in with his friends. Therefore, there are two factors that probably contributed to why I can’t speak it. One of the factors was the situation with my brother, and because little siblings often look up to their bigger ones, I thought he was (almost) infallible and thus agreed. The second factor is what I am about to explain next. I spoke a little later than other children my age did, though not late enough to be clinical in any way. When I did speak, however, my first word was in English. Also, my mom was the only Cebuano speaker in my household, so I didn’t have enough exposure to learn her language fully. Nevertheless, my little sister did have enough exposure, because when she was at that critical language-learning age, my grandparents from the Philippines came to America and lived with us. She thus had three people to speak with and listen to, while I only had one person. I do have hope for the future, though. I do not try to blame my brother for it as his was just one factor, and he was a little kid and did not know the effect it would have on me. It was not really his fault at all. Unfortunately, there’s no Rosetta Stone or anything similar for Cebuano. They only have Rosetta Stone for Tagalog. Despite this, I will try to find a way to learn it. I am determined to know more languages also, and I want to have the widest repertoire of languages I can handle. Since I am one of the only two people in this class who only know English, this has inspired me to learn more than that.

Consumerism and Marketing Concepts free essay sample

Consumerism is a social and economic order that encourages the purchase of goods and services in ever-greater amounts. The term is often associated with criticisms of consumption starting with Thorstein Veblen. Veblens subject of examination, the newly emergent middle class arising at the turn of the twentieth century, comes to full fruition by the end of the twentieth century through the process of globalization. 1] Sometimes, the term consumerism is also used to refer to the consumerists movement, consumer protection or consumer activism, which seeks to protect and inform consumers by requiring such practices as honest packaging and advertising, product guarantees, and improved safety standards. In this sense it is a movement or a set of policies aimed at regulating the products, services, methods, and standards of manufacturers, sellers, and advertisers in the interests of the buyer. [2] In economics, consumerism refers to economic policies placing emphasis on consumption. The latest consumerism movement is a cause that has been accumulating momentum for over 30 years in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumerism and Marketing Concepts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. , and its disciples assert that all consumers have an inherent right to products which are: safe in use (and even misuse), effective for the use designed, economical, reliable, honestly labeled and advertised, and benign in their impacts upon the environment. Moreover, consumerists have been very proactive in seeing that these rights are guaranteed to individual consumers, either by the firms selling the products, or by the government of this country. Adherents of consumerism tend to believe that businesses are so overwhelmingly motivated by the desire to make a profit that they commonly compromise the quality of the product offerings, thereby jeopardizing the safety of consumers. Consumerists cite examples of this greed, such as the Beech-Nut case involving the sale over 10 years of millions of cases of apple juice which was in reality only sweetened, flavored water (Business Week, 1988). The fact that such a large number and variety of these cases exist and continue to be exposed on a regular basis lends a great deal of credibility to the consumerism movement and its underlying assumptions. In explaining the rise of consumerism, Peter Drucker blamed the marketers for failing their consumers and publics in using the marketing concept: We have asked ourselves where in the marketing concept consumerism fits or belongs. I have come to the conclusion that, so far, the only way one can really define it within the total marketing concept is as the shame of the total marketing concept. It is essentially a mark of failure of the concept (Drucker, 1969) This quote is now famous to marketing practitioners, scholars, and critics alike, and the legitimacy of Druckers view is generally conceded. In the same year that Drucker made this accusation, Business Week (1969) also asserted that In the very broadest sense, consumerism can be defined as the bankruptcy of what the business schools have been calling the marketing concept. These condemnations of the marketing concept reflected a general assumption within both the business and academic spheres regarding the implications of consumerisms growing popularity. A substantial portion of scholars and managers surveyed in 1971, for example, believed that the rise in consumerism was a direct reflection of the inadequacy of the marketing concept (Barksdale and Darden, 1971). As the presumed response to the failure of the marketing concept, then, the consumerist movement became the foundation for a revised marketing concept which Kotler (1972) proposed as the successor to the failed marketing concept. As in earlier stages of the marketing philosophy evolution, the societal marketing concept was ostensibly constructed upon the ruins of its immediate predecessor. Since the most recent consumerist movement in the U. S. served as the catalyst for todays conceptualization and implementation of the societal marketing concept, it would seem important to understand the modern origins of this movement. consumerism affects society, the economy and the Environment. Consumerism is economically manifested in the chronic purchasing of new goods and services, with little attention to their true need, durability, product origin or the environmental consequences of manufacture and disposal. Consumerism is driven by huge sums spent on advertising designed to create both a desire to follow trends, and the resultant personal self-reward system based on acquisition. Materialism is one of the end results of consumerism. Consumerism interferes with the workings of society by replacing the normal common-sense desire for an adequate supply of lifes necessities, community life, a stable family and healthy relationships with an artificial ongoing and insatiable quest for things and the money to buy them with little regard for the true utility of what is bought. An intended consequence of this, promoted by those who profit from consumerism, is to accelerate the discarding of the old, either because of lack of durability or a change in fashion.

Environmentalism Essays - Energy Development, Energy Economics

Environmentalism In the last thirty years, America has witnessed an environmental revolution. New laws like the 1963 Clean Air Act and the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act forged new ground in political environmentalism. Social phenomena like Earth Day, organized by Dennis Hayes in 1970, and the beginning of large-scale recycling, marked by Oregon's 1972 Bottle Bill, have help change the way Americans think about the environment. As we approach the third millennium, however, we must reconsider our place on the planet and reflect on our efforts and progress towards a sustainable society. As global warming becomes a scientific reality, natural disasters make monthly appearances in the headlines, and communities continue to find their ground-water contaminated by industrial and nuclear waste, we must ask ourselves: are we doing enough? The environmental movement in the past has largely been a social and political phenomenon. While many of us recycle (yet still only 35 percent of us) and take dead batteries to our town's Hazardous Waste Day, most Americans have not made the environment a personal issue. Very few of us have taken the kind of personal life-changing steps that are necessary to create an environmentally sustainable society. It is simply naive to believe that America's present rates of consumption, waste production, and environmental contamination are sustainable. The kind of social change required can only happen when we as individuals embrace the effort in our everyday lives. Only then will corporate America and the government realize that they too must change to maintain their customer base and public support. This kind of personal commitment to change would also create a new social ethic based on the environment under which people and companies who do not care for the earth would be held socially and financially responsible. In six parts, this article will re-examine our place in the environmental movement and investigate exactly what changes we can make in our personal lives to bring about positive change. These areas are transportation, energy, recycling and waste management, toxins and pollution, food, and water. Some of the changes discussed will require sacrifice. But, more important, these changes will often simplify our lives, bring our families and communities closer together, and help us to better understand, revere, and coexist with the world upon which each of us is directly dependent. Transportation The invention of the automobile is one of history's greatest environmental disasters. The automobile decentralized our society. People with cars moved out of the city and drove to work from their suburban homes. Before the automobile, agriculture was local. Food was grown by farmers living in what was soon to be the suburbs, and delivered fresh to markets in the cities. Because of the short distance food had to travel, farmers didn't need to add preservatives or other additives to maintain freshness. Clearly, the automobile, like other harmful inventions, makes our lives easier in many ways, but how often do we consider the environment when weighing these benefits? Fossil fuels account for the automobile's most significant effect on the environment. Not only are the emissions from cars and trucks toxic to every air-breathing organism, but every step of the fossil fuel process, from extraction to disposal, is bad for the environment. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), millions of gallons of untreated water contaminated by the drilling processes are dumped into waterways and oceans annually. Once extracted, fossil fuels are frequently refined on site, burying 179 million tons of toxic waste annually. During transport, an average of 1 million gallons of oil is spilled into the ocean each month. Upon arrival, fossil fuels are usually burned in automobiles or power plants. The average coal-burning power plant burns about 10,000 tons of coal in a single day. With even a low estimate of five per cent waste, that leaves 500 tons of toxic waste produced each day by a single power plant. If used in cars, oil must be refined further, wasting more energy and creating more toxic waste before drivers purchase it. The combustion engines used in cars and trucks emit toxic gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect and acid rain, deplete the ozone layer, and create more than 50% of the smog producing toxins that city-dwellers breathe every day. Even if we disregard the environmental damage caused by fossil fuels, we should recognize that, as a non-renewable energy source, the earth's reserves will eventually run out. Hundreds of millions of years of organic decomposition will be wiped out in a single century. Conservative estimates say we have 30 to 50 years left of oil use.

Free Essays on Apocalypse

Final Synthetic Essay Interdisciplinary Thinking or Synthetic The definition of synthetic is â€Å"not natural or genuine artificial or contrived.†(Webster’s Dict.) It is anything that is prepared or made artificially. In this class Dr Holm would give us a topic to discuss and as a group we express our thoughts about the topic. This is what is known as interdisciplinary thinking which means that I can draw my own ideas about the information in this course. Working in groups has really helped me to learn a lot, from working with others. The combination of our ideas into a complex whole helped us to get a better understanding of the material. Our views on the topics that we discuss were a lot easier to grasp after we discussed them. Because of these class discussions I understood the information presented in this class. This was a great help to me in understanding the pre- apocalyptic information in the beginning of the class. Apocalypse as a Jewish and Christian Lit genre 250bce-250ce Apocalyptic means the revealing or unveiling of what is to come. It is a narrative story in which other worldly beings give revelation from God to a human. The revelation involves God’s secrets of time and space. Prophetic eschatology envisions God achieving divine plans within the framework of human history by the means of human agents. Apocalyptic eschatology finds hope mainly in the future. This hope is possibly because God is wishing to bring to an end this evil world. Apocalyptic eschatology might not even be concerned with the destruction of world rather than the retribution after death. This is where the apocalyptic eschatology talks about the righteous being rewarded and the wicked being punished. (Reddish pg20) The first thing that happens in an apocalypse is revelatory literature, this where the author states that he had a divine revelation. The next thing that happens is the human receiver of the revelation is normally presented as a... Free Essays on Apocalypse Free Essays on Apocalypse Final Synthetic Essay Interdisciplinary Thinking or Synthetic The definition of synthetic is â€Å"not natural or genuine artificial or contrived.†(Webster’s Dict.) It is anything that is prepared or made artificially. In this class Dr Holm would give us a topic to discuss and as a group we express our thoughts about the topic. This is what is known as interdisciplinary thinking which means that I can draw my own ideas about the information in this course. Working in groups has really helped me to learn a lot, from working with others. The combination of our ideas into a complex whole helped us to get a better understanding of the material. Our views on the topics that we discuss were a lot easier to grasp after we discussed them. Because of these class discussions I understood the information presented in this class. This was a great help to me in understanding the pre- apocalyptic information in the beginning of the class. Apocalypse as a Jewish and Christian Lit genre 250bce-250ce Apocalyptic means the revealing or unveiling of what is to come. It is a narrative story in which other worldly beings give revelation from God to a human. The revelation involves God’s secrets of time and space. Prophetic eschatology envisions God achieving divine plans within the framework of human history by the means of human agents. Apocalyptic eschatology finds hope mainly in the future. This hope is possibly because God is wishing to bring to an end this evil world. Apocalyptic eschatology might not even be concerned with the destruction of world rather than the retribution after death. This is where the apocalyptic eschatology talks about the righteous being rewarded and the wicked being punished. (Reddish pg20) The first thing that happens in an apocalypse is revelatory literature, this where the author states that he had a divine revelation. The next thing that happens is the human receiver of the revelation is normally presented as a...

Liability Issues - Limited Liability Company Essay

Liability Issues - Limited Liability Company - Essay Example In this case, though, it appears that the â€Å"sole trader† concept is not appropriate for these three individuals. This is because the sole trader is an individual who sets up an entity. Thus, whatever entity they set up will not be a sole trader. Thus, it could either be a limited liability company or a business partnership. A limited liability company is one in which the three individuals can form by pooling their resources in the form of acquiring shares in the company to be formed. The acquisition of shares creates a separate entity that will have a limited liability. On the other hand, if the three individuals in question decide to form a partnership, they will be a collection of individual sole traders who will contribute their resources according to a ratio. Based on the ratio of contributions, they will bear responsibility for issues that come up and also get to split profits on the basis of the ratio. However, partnerships often do not have a limited liability. The concept of â€Å"limited liability† is steeped in the idea that a firm is separated from its owners. This is steeped in the case of Salomon V Salomon (1897) in which a man created an entity with 20,007 shares. He took 20,001 shares and sold one share each to six of his family members. The business went into liquidation and the creditor sued for the recovery of money from the owner with 20,001 shares. The court held that once it was incorporated as a company, the liability was limited and the liability for issues and matters was only limited to the assets and shares owned by the business itself. Based on this, it is deduced that a business that has a limited liability is separate and different from its owners (James and Tilley, 2009). In doing this business, there are risks and there is a possibility that the computers of the firm could encounter some forms of risks.  In that case, there is the need to protect the entity from having its liability spread from the organisation they will form to the owners of the business.  Ã‚  

Ryle on Monism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ryle on Monism - Essay Example The body has physical existence and consists of matter. Evidences adduced by Freud suggest that some of the thoughts of a person differ from the thoughts which he really acknowledges. However, the common understanding is that a person is aware of his own thoughts. Regarding others, a person can only make inferences from the observed behaviour of the other person. But Ryle argues that this common sense understanding based on Descartes’ theory is unsound and conflict with whole body of knowledge that we know about mind. According to Ryle, the source of such double life theory is because of category mistakes. It is like somebody asking where the university is after seeing, various departments, libraries and research facilities. The university is in fact just the way everything is organised. The same is the mistake when a child after witnessing the march past of batteries, squadrons, etc .asks when the division is going to appear. He must be explained that battalions, batteries an d squadrons constitute a division. Descartes regards human body as a complex organised unit and mind as just another complex unit. Like body, minds are also things. Mental processes are causes and effects. The mind governs the bodily engine although nothing is known of how it governs the bodily engine. Ryle points out that such explanation given by Decartes rests on a batch of category mistakes.

Thailand And Japan After The Economic Crisis Economics Essay

Thailand And Japan After The Economic Crisis Economics Essay The relationship between Thailand and Japan were influenced from the beginning primarily by considerations of trade, and this is still the outstanding feature. However, according to the globalisaton, business relations and trade have expanded and have become increasingly intermingled with political affairs, economic cooperation, and investment. Objective To study and analyse the advantage and disadvantage of JTEPA to Thailand. To evaluate whether the cooperation between Thailand and Japan under the JTEPA framework will provide and create common interests and guide to the more interdependent relations. Hypothesis Upon the singing of the JTEPA, it seems to be that Thailand will closely dependent on Japan, which contradicts the Thai governments expectation on JTEPA to be an effective instrument to develop the unequal practices and relations between the two nations. Research Questions What are the character of Thai and Japanese economic relations? What does the Thai government look forward from JTEPA? How does JTEPA contribute to the alteration of relations between Thailand and Japan? Scope This research primarily focuses on Thailands role and its perspectives on international policy and relations with Japan after the great economic crisis in 1997, particularly the case of JTEPA. This study will look at the economic relations between Thailand and Japan and try to answer the question of whether JTEPA would contribute to the more dependent relationship between these two countries. Conceptual Framework In this research, Realism and Interdependence theories will be used as an international theory to answer the research questions and also to clarify the Thailand and Japan in term of economic relations. Realism Realism, or classical realism, is an approach of the study and practice of international relations. The core of realism is national and state survival. As Han J. Morgenthau who was the leading realist thinker of the twentieth century, was stated that Politic is a struggle for power over men. Power is its immediate goal and the modes of acquiring, maintaining, and demonstrating in determines the technique of political action () From this theory, the key point of international policy is to protect and defend the interest of the nation in the global politics. This purpose includes high political concerns of guaranteeing state survival. Security matters, as well as the low political purposes in such areas such as the pursuit of wealth and economic growth and power. In making international policy, the governmental decision-makers evaluate each option, and selecting the one that maximizes advantage or minimize cost associated with attaining the purpose sought. At the present time, Thailand is negotiating FTA with several countries. These FTAs will advantageous for Thailand in term of greater market access in goods and services due to the reduction of trade barrier, increased investment opportunities in oversea markets and decreasing of business costs arising from the dismantling of tariffs and non-tariff barrier. JTEPA is a part of Thai foreign policy toward the Japanese government, especially the economy. The national interest is the significant part in making foreign policy of state. Thailand has achieved to maximize its national interest in any situation it faced. Nevertheless, in negotiation of JTEPA which was the economic cooperation that provided shared interest, the Thai government selected the best option that takes advantage of its national interest without interfering Japanese interests. Although, this agreement made shared interest by enhancing cooperation and reducing the obstacles on trade for Thailand and Japan, it is suspici ous whether both countries are so rational in practice. Interdependence Nowadays the world has become interdependent in economics, in communications and in human aspirations. Interdependence in the global politics refers to situations characterised by reciprocal effects among countries or among actors in different countries. There are two different perceptions that can be adopted for analysing the costs and benefits of an interdependent relationship. The first perception focuses on the joint gains and joint loses to parties involved. The second is relative gains and distributional issue. It is important to remember that interdependence by no means implies equality. Such uneven relations are quite common in contemporary world politics, especially between developed and less develop countries. Interdependence may be highly asymmetrical; one actor may depend on another can often use the interdependent relationship as a source of power in bargaining over an issue perhaps to affect other issues. Due to the geographical proximity of Thailand and Japan, it would be beneficial to develop an economic partnership between them. It will bring economic gain and prosperity to both countries. Thailand is expected that JTEPA will strengthen and improve unfair relations between Thailand and Japan. Although Thailand needs equal treatment, it realises that symmetry interdependence is barely possible. When asymmetry is common in economic interdependence, the question of how much is permissible in a relationship, it should properly be interdependence, rather than one way dependence. The politics of economic interdependence involves competition even when large net benefits can be expected from the cooperation. Methodology The method to be applied in the course of doing this research was mainly a documentary research. To conduct the research, content and statistic analysis were used. Content and statistic was collected from various sources to get the accurate information. They were used to study the changes of economic relations between Thailand and Japan from JTEPA. The statistic of import, investment and ODA were used as a measure to access the degree of dependency between Thailand and Japan. Although dependence will not be eliminated immediately after signing the agreement, it should continually decrease. This research will study the changing of economics crisis with the relations after signing of the JTEPA. Thailand and Japan: Post War relations Thailand and Japan relations have involved several aspects including politics, economy and culture. During the postwar period, the political relations between them were not much mentioned since there were no serious conflicts between them. Moreover, during the Cold War both countries had joined the free world under the leadership of the United States, and supported each other politically. On the economic aspects, Thailand has imported a large amount of Japanese goods and services. Since Thailand had limited capital resources for national development, it had to import capital goods, especially machinery, transportation equipment, chemical, and other industrial materials from Japan. Difference in context of development level, types of product, and price had generated a large trade deficit between Thailand and Japan in favor of the latter, during the 1960s. (Dhiravagin, 1983) The said trade deficit les to the anti-Japanese movement in the 1970s according to the fact of Thai people were terrified of the Japanese domination of their economy. The anti Japanese attitude did come out not only in Thailand but also in other countries in Southeast Asia, including the Philippines and Indonesia. Therefore, the Fukada Doctrine was declared to develop the economic relations between Japan and Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand. (Sudo, 1988) However, this doctrine was likely to slightly ease the strained situation, the trade deficit between Thailand and Japan was still about US$ 2 billion or 15 percent of the total trade in 1979. (Akrasanee, 1983) Afterward, the Thai government demanded for an equivalent treatment on trade by asking the Japanese government to firstly open their market to the Thai products; secondly, to establish the export-oriented industries in Thailand; and thirdly, to enhance the economic cooperation through more active transfers of techn ology. (Thai MOFA, 2010) In the White Paper on the restructuring of the Thai-Japanese economic relations, established in June 1985, the Thai government requested a reconsideration of the engineering-service conditions on the projects funded by the Japanese government, the Oversea Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF) and Yen Loan, in order that the Thai contractors could have more chance in bidding. (Doner, 1991) However, the result of this negotiation was unsuccessful for the Thai government according to the Japanese government did not guarantee to do anything seriously. Thailand started to industrialise its economy in 1950s. By reason of, the shortage of technology and capital, the Thai government necessitated foreign direct investment (FDI) for its Thailand development projects. (Ismail and Yussof, 2003) The Investment Promotion Act 1962 was established for FDI attraction. According to the rapid rise in the wage level in Japan, labor demanding Japanese firm actively undertook FDI in Thailand and other countries in Asian countries. (Wannitikul, 1996) As a result, the Japanese investors have been one of the most important direct investors of Thailand, particularly in the manufacturing area. Importance Japanese industries were textiles, transport equipment, chemical products, electrical appliances and automobiles. Most of the Japanese registered capital was in the form of the joint ventures; only 17 percent of them were in the form of wholly owned Japanese firms. However, the relationship among staff in their joint ventures did not go effortlessly. A number of Thai partners in the joint ventures complained about the unwillingness of Japanese staff in the interfering technological know-how to the Thai staff. In some companies, the high level technology was realised only among Japanese technicians and engineers. The transfer of management authority was another difficulty found in Thai-Japanese joint venture firms. The Japanese head-quarter provide a lot of Japanese staff to control the managerial positions in affiliates, which really prevented Thai staff from learning the management know-how. As a result, several local partners had not been able to create their own business even after several years of joint investment with Japanese companies. (Tho, 1991) For Official Development Assistance (ODA), Thailand has considered Japan as one of the most significant benefactors. It had received a big amount of Japanese ODA for its national development projects through several types including grant, loan, and technical cooperation. From 1961 to 1986, due to the five national economic and social development plans, Thailands development strategy had focused on industrialisation programs. Therefore, Thai government had to set up sufficient infrastructure to support these programs. However, according to the budget constraint, it was required that Thai government had a loan of money from foreign sources. The total overseas loan of Thai government during 1961-1986 amounted to 15,529 million dollars, of which 2,851 million dollars or 18.4 percent came from Japan. (Tinakorn and Siroros, 1991) Apart from bilateral loans, Thailand had also received technical assistance and grant supporting from the Japanese government. Japans yen loans were concentrated on infrastructure which was the foundation of industrialisation while the grants went to agricultural, educational, scientific, technological, health, and community development. Overall, it seems that Thailand was heavily dependent on Japan during the post war era. It was clearly seen that Thailand had faced the trade deficit problems with Japan, it still imported Japanese capital and industrial goods according to the requirement for industrial development. At the same time, Japanese partners did not fulfill the Thai anticipation of technological transfer so Thai staffs must rely on Japanese technicians in operating high technology. In addition, Thailand, at the same time, still depended on both grants and loan of Japanese ODA for its domestic development projects. Thailand-Japan Post-Cold War Relations In the first half of 1990s, trade between Thailand and Japan continued to increase. With the high rate of economic growth of Thailand, Japan was the largest supplier of Thai imports and one of the top targets of Thai exports. Thailand imported capital and industrial products from Japan. These types of products were used for expanding industrial ability and supplying many export industries whereas Japan imported agricultural and consumer products from Thailand. Changes have taken place since the beginning of 1996 according to the economic recession. Thailands imports from Japan had been decreasing. (National Statistical Office, 1992) The trade inequality between Thailand and Japan was becoming slighter. Nevertheless, trade between two countries was increasing again during the recovery of the Thai economy. Regardless of the changing trade relations, trade deficit was still the main problem in the relations between Thailand and Japan. Taking the investment part into consideration, Thailand was a favorite target of foreign direct investment according to its lower labor costs, reasonable infrastructure and stable society, and when Japan faced another period of yen appreciation that made the raised production costs. Japanese investors started strengthening or expanding their production bases in Thailand trough the production of supporting industries, including basic industries such as steel and petrochemicals. Thailand laid the foundations for its strong investment partnership with Japan. These further strengthened economic ties between Thailand and Japan (Japan External Trade Organisation, 2010) However, Japanese investment declined during 1997 according to the unfavorable environment for foreign investment in Asia in 1997. The technology transfer continued to be the difficulty of the Thai-Japanese joint ventures companies. On the Thai side, the lacking of technology manpower, particularly engineers and technicians, and the shortage of capability to adopt and utilize technical knowhow and production technology were the difficulties of Japanese technology transfer. (Prayoon, 1990) On the Japanese side, the Japanese style of management, characterized by intra-firm training and promotion, the seniority system, and lifetime employment always results in a slow transfer of managerial posts from Japanese to local staffs. (Japans MOFA, 2010) With regard to Japanese ODA, although the Thai economy smoothly and increasingly grew in the first half of the 1900a, Thailand still obtained technical assistance from Japan of which the total value amounted to 147.46 billion US dollars. In the second half of the 1990s, Thailand faces a great economic crisis in 1997. (Glassman, 2001) Then, in the midst of the economic crisis, Japans role as a supporter was very important for Thailand because it had provided more than 12.6 billion US dollars for both the financial and technical aid apart from the 4 billion US dollars in August 1997 under the IMFs support package. (Japanese MOFA, 2010) Thailand had also received a large amount of financial and technical support from the Japanese government to raise productivity and competitiveness in Thailand after the economic downturn in 1997. Another Japanese ODA was the New Miyazawa Initiatives which amounted to 1.9 billion US dollars for pushing the Thai economy out of the economic crisis. All in all, since the post-Cold War, the relations between Thailand and Japan have improved in an optimistic direction. Thailand and Japan have became a good partners in the good and crucial moments; however, Thailand has went on facing the trade deficit with Japan and has still depended on Japan both in term of investment and ODA. They have been significant suppliers for each other. The foreign direct investment is essential for the Thai government to develop its economy and society. Japanese investments have completed some parts of the Thai domestic development plans. Japan was as well as an essential donor when Thailand in the economic recession. Nevertheless, the Thai government has made an attempt to develop the relations from this heavily dependence on Japan to be more interdependence. Thailand and JTEPA In the last few decades, the global and regional context has become more complex, with rise of the People Republic of China and India, and the breakdown of the multilateral agreement on trade and investment under the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Many countries in the global community, including Thailand and Japan, have been using trade agreement to improve competitiveness. According to compete in the new type of global context and to retain their profits in the global market, both of Thailand and Japan had to create the strong and effectiveness economic links between the two countries, which is befitting that the agreement between them is named the Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement or JTEPA. During 1997-2010, in Thailand, there are six governments governing the country after the economic crisis in 1997. Although, each government had its own economic policy, it is clearly that all of six governments were focused on economic cooperation with other countries, develop mutual interest and avoided conflict among them. Thailand had completed FTA (Free Trade Agreement) with several countries including China, Australia. Thailand is also developing FTA with the essential trading countries; such as U.S.A. and Japan. Being one of Thailands primary trading partners, the Japanese governments attempt to promote with EPA with Thailand will be advantageous to Thailand. Thailand and Japan were negotiating the Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement. This agreement did not concentrate only on trade but also other dimensions, including investment, labor, intellectual property rights and so on. It is expected that JTEPA would further widen and deepen Thai-Japanese relations and jointly beneficial cooperation by foreign closer economic relations, enhancing a more favorable investment climate, and generating greater business opportunities through cooperation, liberalisation and facilitation in trade and investment between the two countries. It is also considered that JTEPA will spot a new dimension for Thailand-Japan strategic partnership. (Thai MOFA, 2010) In order to complete economic development and industrialisation, Thailand badly requires foreign investment and technology transfer to shore up its flagging economy (The Nations online, 2000) Japan is not only an important trading partner but also a key investor and source of technology for Thailand. The Thai government understands that the comparative disadvantage if it does not build up and develop FTA with Japan. From the Thai governments point of view, concluding the free trade agreement with Japan may be one instrument to success the Thai economic development according to increasing trade value and foreign investment to Thailand. At the same time, it could also contribute to strengthen Thailand-Japan relations and improve the cooperation between the two countries. Since JTEPA will provide more opportunities for Thai goods and services to entrance into the Japanese market and technology transfer from Japan, these will support Thai industrialisation and develop Thai capability. (S riratanaban, 2004) From Japans point of view, Japan had realised about its disadvantaged competition in this region as the market share would be smaller after China concluded their free trade agreement with ASEAN countries. (ASEANWEB, 2010) Consequently, Japan was looking to set up and develop economic cooperation with its Asian neighbors by offering the Japan-ASEAN Economic Partnership to ASEAN members individually and multilaterally. (Singh, 2002) Japan also completed the Japan-Singapore Economic Partnership Agreement in 2002. Thailand was the second nation in Southeast Asia which Japan supposed to conclude the economic agreement after Singapore. It is considered that JTEPA will support with good conditions for Japanese investment in Thailand and provide greater access in Japanese industrial goods, especially automotive and steel industry, to Thai markets. While Thai government considers that JTEPA will be advantageous to Thailand-Japan relations, especially in the economic dimension, according to reducing obstacles on trade and developing cooperation between them, the researcher does not believe that this agreement will be beneficial to Thailand as it is expected, because of the reason that Thailand is a less developed country with economic status. This research will study whether JTEPA would make Thailand and Japan to be more interdependent or vice versa. The impact of JTEPA During the negotiation of the JTEPA, there were several sensitive topics becoming a matter of public concern. According to Pasuk Phongpaichit (2007), there are two points in the negotiation of the JTEPA which indicate what is the impact of this Agreement. In addition, these key points also influence whether the JTEPA is subsequently judged an achievement or disappointment from the Thai perspective: 1. Process 2. Intellectual property Process The first topic focused on the process of JTEPAs negotiation. Bilateral relations in trade and investment agreement are created for share interests. (Anderson, 2008) Accordingly, it means that there is no one party able to obtain all of the profits and there is no one will bear all the loss. General speaking, in international trade agreement, the inequity of power between the two countries can conclude the distribution of the gains. (Phongpaichit, 2007) Up to this point, in the negotiation process, the skill of the individual negotiating parties is very necessary. Due to the process of negotiation is secretive and non-transparent, there always misunderstand between what the negotiators think advantageous and what the public opinion consider beneficial. Up to this point, in Thailand, the negotiations process was condemned for the reason of insufficient transparency. During the negotiation continued from 2004-2006, several significant information was not review visibly available for Thai public opinion. Regarding to Thai law, there was not obligation for this Agreement to be discussed to Thai parliament. It was just discussed and debated in the Legislative Assembly, where Thai legislators were given with little information of the Agreement. Moreover, they had no power to judge and vote anything on the detail of the Agreement. On the other hand, in Japan side, the information on the detail of JTEPA submitted through the Japanese parliament and provided the detail of the Agreement to the public. While there was no public controversy in Japan, there were issues left with suspicion in Thai society. These left suspicions on the Agreement reflects the best interest of Thailand, because there was no mechanism to guarantee those interest wer e appropriately articulated and taken into account. Intellectual property According to Thai protecting intellectual property law, it is hard to get intellectual property right upon a natural organism. Moreover, under the Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property right (TRIPS), each state are authorised to protect themselves by such a law. (WTO, 2010) However, by a clause in the Article 130 of the JTEPA states that each party shall ensure that any patent application shall not be rejected solely on the grounds that the subject matter claimed in the application is related to a naturally occurring micro-organism. () When this issue of the Agreement was disclosed to the public, this issues was questioned that why a clause on intellectual property rights appeared to give Japan with more advantages than those available in TRIPS. Up to this point, Phongpaichit also adds in this point that Thailand provided Japan more benefits of intellectual property rights than Japans EPA was provided by Malaysia. (2007) In sum, given the strong and effectiveness economic links with Japan for the development of the Thai economy, it can be said that it is essential for Thai economy to conclude an agreement with Japan, especially in point of the parallel negotiation between the two countries. However, regarding to this Agreement, it seemed to be that Thailand has become more dependence with Japan. Becoming more dependence with Japan, it gives rise to fear that the weaker parties may be disadvantage in the negotiations. Chapter 2 Literature Review The literature and research that related to the Thailand and Japan economic relations topics had focused on several aspects, namely trade, investment and assistance. Those articles outlined the gain and loss that Thailand would obtain from the economic links between the two countries, for example, Japanese investment that helped Thai industrialisation, trade deficit problems, technology transfer difficulties, the exploitation of resource etc. Some authors recommended a resolution to the problems. After the economic crisis, the economic between the two countries were deepened in view of the fact that Japan became the key actor to help the Thai economy from the economic regression. On the other hand, the assistance of Japan in the revival period caused the dependent problems between Thailand and Japan to be more obvious. As a result, the Thai government continued to improve the economic policy which increase its national interest and decrease economic problems between two countries. This research studies the Thai foreign policy towards Japan in the context of JTEPA, with the expectation that this agreement can be an important factor to develop economic links and decrease economic problems between them. Articles which relate to Thailand and Japan economic relations are reviewed as following: Regarding to Japan was an important trade and investment partner since it resumed economic relations after the World War II, the Thai government focused on attention to improve Thai foreign policy to deal with Japan, particularly economic dimension. Prapat Thepchatree, who wrote Thai-Japanese Economic Relations, analysed the Thai-Japanese economic relations after the World War II (2007).For the trade, He outlined that the trade deficit between Thailand and Japan caused by the nature of trade of both countries was on the same scale in which Thailand exported agricultural goods to Japan while the most of Japanese exports to Thailand were capital and industrial goods. In addition, the protectionism was the important non-tariff barrier for Thai product that reasoned the trade deficit problems. For the investment, the author pointed that although Japanese investment played a critical role to develop Thai industrial, Japanese investment caused several problems such as technology transfer. For ODA, he considered that the Japanese ODA did not suit with Thailands demand, consequently, the Thai problems were not solved by ODA. Regarding to his study, the economic relations trend between Thailand and Japan would be closer and as a result trade, investment and cooperation would be increased. Regarding to Theerawongseri (1990), Although Japan was a key factor in the Thai economy, there were the economic problems between the two countries. It was obviously that Thailands economic dependence rooted from the structural imbalance of this economic link. The Thai government hoped that the White Paper that proposed to redistribute the Thai-Japanese economic relationship would be proper the inequality problems. (Trinidad, 2007) Under the White Paper, both of the two countries required to restructure its economic structure in the face of the rapidly changing global economic context. Accordingly, Thailand needed to pay more attention to enhance its agro-industrial goods to be value-added commodities. Moreover, Thailand should keep the cooperation with the Japanese public and private firm to create the mutual interest and aspiration for the peace, stability, and well-being of the relations between the two countries. (Theerawongseri, 1990) For the investment issue, Johzen Takeuchi (1991) outlined the technology transfer between Thailand and Japan in Technology Tranfer and Japan-Thai Relations. Takeuchi (1991) analysed that Thailand and Japan were misleading in a technology transfer concept and process. Up to this point, Thailand realised that the technology transfer was a piece of baggage with a bundle of handbook manuals (Takeuchi, 1991) while most of Japanese manufacture considered the concept of technology as meaning accumulative and dynamic process. Due to Thailand was an agricultural based country and its economic was condemned as undeveloped (Limskul, 2004), this factor was partly responsible for the lack of inadequate of various skills which was necessitated in the industrial issue. Therefore, Japan did not transfer high technology to Thailand but Thailand did not understand this point. According to the study of Takeuchi (1991), there are four main reasons that Thailand criticised in the issue of Japanese reluct ance to transfer the latest technology and the research and development (RD) sections: 1. The scale of Japanese firms was smaller than the European and American Firms, particularly in terms of employment, Therefore, Japan did not have enough beneficial effects on employment creation. 2. Japanese forms were uninterested to adopting local materials and intermediate goods, and their business activities did not advantage on national industrial sector. 3. Japanese firm did not export their products, which showed that they transferred out of date production systems that lack the potential to gain competitiveness in international market. 4. Japanese firms did not point out the complete handbook manual for operation and management. Moreover, the author (Takeuchi, 1991) also recommended that it would be useful that both of Thailand and Japan to collect more information as well as do more case studies to enhance the sympathetic in order to reduce the perception gap. Shiowattana (1990) also studied in the issue of technology transfer between Thailand and Japan but in other context. According to her study, the importance of introducing new of technology was not the key factor leading to successful industrialization, but the capability to learn and improve the acquired technology was much important in order to ensure healthy industrial development. Shiowattana (1990) pointed that the cause of the problem was that Thailand lacked the ability in technology reproduction. Therefore, the Thai government became more aware of the necessity to promote and strengthen the technological capabilities of industry. On Japans side, the technology transfer was determined by the policy of Japanese MNCs. In addition, the author outlined that the Japanese joint venture had successful records in technology transfer. As Japan wish for dominating as a self-contained network in the Thai economy, it realised that technological strength was a dynamic force, consequently, p ressing for further growth of its economic abilities in Thailand. Xiaodong (1994) analysed the effect of Japanese Investment in Thailand since 1986 in What Thailand has gained and lost from Japanese investment. The author mentioned that Japanese Direct Investment (JDI) after 1986 was a significant event which changed the situation in the Thai economy. Acording to Xioadongs study, this study paid much attention on the issue of contributions and conflicts in the JDIs process towards to the Thai economy. For the contribution, JDI stimulated economic growth and industrialisation in Thailand. For example, one fifth of JDI flew into the Thai manufacturing export sector, this stimulated Thai exports and